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Ameriprise Financial Reports First Quarter 2024 Results, Raises Quarterly Dividend 10 Percent
Earnings Per Diluted Share Return on Equity, ex AOCI (1) Q1 2024 Q1 2024 ------------- -------------- $9.46 48.1% GAAP GAAP $8.39 49.0% Adjusted Operating Adjusted Operating
First quarter adjusted operating earnings per diluted share was $8.39, up 16 percent from strong growth across the company. Perspective from Jim Cracchiolo, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer "Ameriprise delivered another good quarter with contributions across our diversified business. Wealth Management continues to be our primary growth driver with firm-wide assets under management and administration increasing to a new high of $1.4 trillion aided by positive markets. The combination of our businesses and capabilities provides important strength, allowing us to serve clients' needs well in a dynamic operating environment. Our capital position is a consistent differentiator. Ameriprise generates significant free cash flow that we invest for growth and return to shareholders, including today's announcement of another increase in our dividend, up 10 percent." First quarter GAAP net income per diluted share was $9.46 compared to $3.79 a year ago, primarily from market impacts on the valuation of derivatives and market risk benefits. Adjusted operating net revenues increased 11 percent from organic growth, strong equity markets and higher spread revenues. Assets under management and administration reached $1.4 trillion, up 15 percent from strong client net inflows and market appreciation. General and administrative expenses remained well managed with a continued focus on enhancing operational efficiency and effectiveness. Pretax adjusted operating margin was 26.3 percent and adjusted operating return on equity was 49.0 percent. The company returned $650 million of capital to shareholders in the quarter, demonstrating its balance sheet strength and strong free cash flow generation.
(1) Return on equity excluding AOCI is calculated on a trailing 12-month basis.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. First Quarter Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2024 2023 (in millions, except per share amounts, unaudited) $ 990 $ $ 417 NM NM GAAP net income $ 878 $ $ 798 10% 10% Adjusted operating earnings (reconciliation on p. 24) $ 9.46 $ $ 3.79 NM NM GAAP net income per diluted share $ 8.39 $ $ 7.25 16% 16% Adjusted operating earnings per diluted share (reconciliation on p. 24) 48.1 % 45.2 % GAAP Return on Equity, ex. AOCI 49.0 % 49.5 % Adjusted Operating Return on Equity, ex. AOCI (reconciliation on p. 27) $ 6,809 $ $ 6,129 11% 11% GAAP Equity, ex. AOCI $ 5,135 $ $ 5,377 (5)% (5)% Available Capital for Capital Adequacy (reconciliation on p. 25) Weighted average common shares outstanding: 102.8 107.9 Basic 104.6 110.0 Diluted --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
First quarter 2024 GAAP results included favorable market impacts on the valuation of derivatives and market risk benefits, while the prior year quarter included unfavorable market impacts on the valuation of derivatives and market risk benefits.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Advice & Wealth Management Segment Adjusted Operating Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023 $ 2,560 $ $ 2,265 13% 13% Adjusted operating net revenues 1,369 1,173 (17)% (17)% Distribution expenses 9 7 (29)% (29)% Interest and debt expense 420 392 (7)% (7)% General and administrative expenses -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- 1,798 1,572 (14)% (14)% Adjusted operating expenses -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ 762 $ $ 693 10% 10% Pretax adjusted operating earnings ==================== ====== ==================== ==================== ==================== ====== ==================== 29.8 % 30.6 % (80) bps (80) bps Pretax adjusted operating margin ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in billions, unless otherwise noted) 2024 2023 $ 954 $ 799 19% 19% 19% Total client assets $ 8.5 $ 12.3 (31)% (31)% Total client net flows $ 6.5 $ 6.2 4% 4% Wrap net flows $ 43.3 $ 44.3 (2)% (2)% AWM cash balances $ 942 $ 847 11% 11% Adjusted operating net revenue per advisor (TTM in thousands)
Advice & Wealth Management pretax adjusted operating earnings and margin were strong at $762 million and 29.8 percent, respectively.
Adjusted operating net revenues increased 13 percent to $2.6 billion from growth in client assets in both wrap and brokerage accounts, increased transactional activity and a 30 percent increase in bank net investment income.
Adjusted operating expenses increased 14 percent to $1.8 billion compared to a year ago. Distribution expenses increased 17 percent. General and administrative expense was $420 million, up 7 percent. The company expects mid-single digit growth in general and administrative expenses for the full year.
The Wealth Management business continued to deliver profitable organic growth. Clients and advisors remained engaged and focused on positioning portfolios to meet financial planning goals through the market cycle.
Total client assets grew 19 percent to $954 billion, with wrap assets up 20 percent to $522 billion. In the quarter, total client net flows were $8.5 billion, including wrap flows of $6.5 billion. Transactional activity increased 17 percent with strong growth in structured annuities and brokerage, an initial sign that clients are leveraging the company's planning model to put money back to work. Cash balances were fairly stable at $43.3 billion, with cash sweep down only $1.0 billion in the quarter reflecting normal seasonal patterns. Total client cash including third-party money market funds and brokered CDs increased $0.9 billion sequentially to $82.4 billion, as clients remain heavily concentrated in yield-oriented products. The advisor network and advisor productivity grew from a year ago. Adjusted operating net revenue per advisor on a trailing 12-month basis was $942,000, up 11 percent from enhanced productivity, business growth and market appreciation, and the company added 64 experienced advisors in the quarter.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Asset Management Segment Adjusted Operating Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ (Worse) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023 $ 855 $ $ 799 7% 7% Adjusted operating net revenues 242 230 (5)% (5)% Distribution expenses 2 1 NM NM Amortization of deferred acquisition costs 2 2 - - Interest and debt expense 403 401 - - General and administrative expenses -------------------- ------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------- -------------------- 649 634 (2)% (2)% Adjusted operating expenses -------------------- ------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------- -------------------- $ 206 $ $ 165 25% 25% Pretax adjusted operating earnings ==================== ============= ==================== ==================== ==================== ============= ==================== 34.9 % 31.0 % Net pretax adjusted operating margin (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ (Worse) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in billions) 2024 2023 $ 652 $ $ 608 7% 7% Total segment AUM Net Flows -------------------------------------------------------------------- $ (2.7 ) $ $ (4.5 ) 39% 39% Global Retail net flows, ex. legacy insurance partners flows (2.2 ) 2.8 NM NM Global Institutional net flows, ex. legacy insurance partners flows (0.8 ) (0.8 ) 3% 3% Legacy insurance partners flows -------------------- ------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------- -------------------- $ (5.7 ) $ $ (2.5 ) NM NM Total segment net flows ==================== ============= ==================== ==================== ==================== ============= ==================== $ 0.2 $ $ (0.2 ) NM NM Model delivery AUA Flows (2) -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- (1) See reconciliation on page 13. (2) Estimated based on the period-to-period change in assets less calculated performance based on strategy returns on a one-quarter lag.
Asset Management adjusted operating net revenues grew 7 percent to $855 million and pretax adjusted operating earnings increased 25 percent to $206 million. Financial results reflected equity market appreciation and disciplined expense management, which more than offset the cumulative impact of net outflows. Net pretax adjusted operating margin was 35 percent, consistent with the company's targeted range of 31 to 35 percent.
Adjusted operating expenses increased 2 percent, with general and administrative expenses flat from a year ago. Adjusted for foreign exchange and higher performance fee compensation, general and administrative expense was 3 percent lower than last year reflecting the benefits from comprehensive expense management initiatives taken since 2023.
Total assets under management increased 7 percent to $652 billion as equity market appreciation more than offset net outflows. The underlying fee rate remained stable at 46 basis points.
In the quarter, net outflows were $5.7 billion. Flows included $0.8 billion of outflows related to legacy insurance partners.
Retail net outflows were $2.7 billion, consistent with other active managers. Gross sales improved in North America and EMEA year-over-year and sequentially, while redemptions remained stable. Global institutional outflows were $2.2 billion, primarily from a slowdown in the funding of new mandates, as well as redemptions in lower fee mandates and $0.4 billion of outflows from the previously announced proactive portfolio manager actions related to expense management initiatives.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Retirement & Protection Solutions Segment Adjusted Operating Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ (Worse) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023 $ 912 $ 824 11% 11% 11% Adjusted operating net revenues 713 630 (13)% (13)% Adjusted operating expenses -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ 199 $ 194 3% 3% Pretax adjusted operating earnings ==================== ====== ==================== ==================== ====== ====================
Retirement & Protection Solutions pretax adjusted operating earnings increased 3 percent to $199 million, reflecting the benefit of higher interest rates and equity markets offset by higher distribution expenses associated with strong structured annuity sales levels. These high-quality books of business continued to generate strong free cash flow and return on capital with a differentiated risk profile.
Retirement & Protection Solutions sales increased 33 percent to $1.3 billion primarily from strong sales growth in structured variable annuities similar to the industry. Protection sales grew 8 percent to $65 million with the majority of sales in higher margin accumulation VUL products.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Corporate & Other Segment Adjusted Operating Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Quarter Ended March 31, % Better/ (Worse) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (in millions, unaudited) 2024 2023 $ (99 ) $ (73 ) (36)% (36)% Corporate & Other, excluding Closed Blocks 10 (1 ) NM NM Closed Blocks (1) -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ (89 ) $ (74 ) (20)% (20)% Pretax adjusted operating earnings / (loss) -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ 16 $ 8 NM NM Long Term Care (6 ) (9 ) 33% 33% Fixed Annuities -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ 10 $ (1 ) NM NM Closed Blocks pretax adjusted operating earnings / (loss) ==================== ====== ==================== ==================== ====== ==================== ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- (1) Long Term Care and Fixed Annuities.
Total Corporate & Other Excluding Closed Blocks pretax adjusted operating loss was $99 million, which included $16 million of unfavorable mark-to-market impacts on share-based compensation expense, severance expense and a lease write-down.
Long Term Care pretax adjusted operating earnings increased to $16 million, showing continued improvement in financial performance from higher investment yields.
Fixed Annuities pretax adjusted operating loss was consistent with expectations at $6 million.
Taxes
The operating effective tax rate was 18.6 percent, reflecting favorable share-based accounting tax benefits in the quarter. The operating effective tax rate is expected to be approximately 21 percent for full year 2024.
About Ameriprise Financial
At Ameriprise Financial, we have been helping people feel confident about their financial future for more than 125 years. With extensive investment advice, asset management and insurance capabilities and a nationwide network of over 10,000 financial advisors, we have the strength and expertise to serve the full range of individual and institutional investors' financial needs. For more information, or to find an Ameriprise financial advisor, visit ameriprise.com.
Ameriprise Financial Services, LLC offers financial planning services, investments, insurance and annuity products. Columbia Funds are distributed by Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc., member FINRA and managed by Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC. Threadneedle International Limited, Columbia Threadneedle Asset Managers Limited, Columbia Threadneedle (EM) Investments Limited, and Pyrford International Ltd, are SEC- and FCA-registered investment adviser affiliates of Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC based in the U.K. RiverSource insurance and annuity products are issued by RiverSource Life Insurance Company, and in New York only by RiverSource Life Insurance Co. of New York, Albany, New York. Only RiverSource Life Insurance Co. of New York is authorized to sell insurance and annuity products in the state of New York. These companies are part of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. CA License #0684538. RiverSource Distributors, Inc. (Distributor), Member FINRA.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The company believes the presentation of adjusted operating measures, available capital for capital adequacy and other non-GAAP financial measures, and the corresponding ratios, best represents the underlying performance of our core operations and facilitates a more meaningful trend analysis without the distortion of various adjustment items. Management uses non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our financial performance on a basis comparable to that used by some securities analysts and investors and to provide a valuable perspective for investors. These non-GAAP financial measures are taken into consideration, to varying degrees, for purposes of business planning and analysis and for certain compensation-related matters. Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to supplement investors' understanding of our performance and should not be considered alternatives for financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. These measures are discussed in more detail below and may not be comparable to other companies' similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measure reconciliations can be found on the subsequent pages.
Forward-Looking Statements
This news release contains forward-looking statements that reflect management's plans, estimates and beliefs. Actual results could differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include:
statements of the company's plans, intentions, positioning, expectations, objectives or goals, including those relating to asset flows, mass affluent and affluent client acquisition strategy, client retention and growth of our client base, financial advisor productivity, retention, recruiting and enrollments, the introduction, cessation, terms or pricing of new or existing products and services, acquisition integration, general and administrative costs, net pretax adjusted operating margin, consolidated tax rate, return of capital to shareholders, and excess capital position and financial flexibility to capture additional growth opportunities; other statements about future economic performance, the performance of equity markets and interest rate variations and the economic performance of the United States and of global markets; statements estimating Advice & Wealth Management general and administrative expenses for full year 2024; statements estimating the expected full year 2024 operating effective tax rate; and statements of assumptions underlying such statements.
The words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "optimistic," "intend," "plan," "aim," "will," "may," "should," "could," "would," "likely," "forecast," "on track," "project," "continue," "able to remain", "resume," "deliver," "develop," "evolve," "drive," "enable," "flexibility," "commitment," "scenario," "case," "appear," "expands" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements.
Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made. Management cautions readers to carefully consider the risks described in the "Risk Factors" discussion under Part 1, Item 1A of and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 available at ir.ameriprise.com. Management undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.
The financial results discussed in this news release represent past performance only, which may not be used to predict or project future results. The financial results and values presented in this news release are based upon asset valuations that represent estimates as of the date of this news release and may be revised in the company's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024.
Ameriprise Financial announces financial and other information to investors through the company's investor relations website at ir.ameriprise.com, as well as SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. Investors and others interested in the company are encouraged to visit the investor relations website from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted. The website also allows users to sign up for automatic notifications in the event new materials are posted. The information found on the website is not incorporated by reference into this release or in any other report or document the company furnishes or files with the SEC.
Barron's Best Fund Families of 2023 - February 29, 2024: Columbia Threadneedle Investments ranked as follows: One-year (8 out of 49); Five-year (11 out of 47); Ten-year (4 out of 46).
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Consolidated GAAP Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in millions, except per share amounts, unaudited) 1 Qtr 2024 1 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ 4 Qtr 2023 4 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) Revenues $ 2,399 $ 2,137 12% 12% $ $ 2,284 5% 5% Management and financial advice fees 506 517 (2)% (2)% 469 8% 8% Distribution fees 901 698 29% 29% 888 1% 1% Net investment income 390 362 8% 8% 404 (3)% (3)% Premiums, policy and contract charges 129 131 (2)% (2)% 123 5% 5% Other revenues -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- 4,325 3,845 12% 12% 4,168 4% 4% Total revenues 179 103 (74)% (74)% 176 (2)% (2)% Banking and deposit interest expense -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- 4,146 3,742 11% 11% 3,992 4% 4% Total net revenues Expenses 1,419 1,226 (16)% (16)% 1,307 (9)% (9)% Distribution expenses 132 164 20% 20% 190 31% 31% Interest credited to fixed accounts 295 301 2% 2% 602 51% 51% Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses (4 ) (5 ) (20)% (20)% (3 ) 33% 33% Remeasurement (gains) losses of future policy benefit reserves (18 ) 489 NM NM 240 NM NM Change in fair value of market risk benefits 61 62 2% 2% 61 - - Amortization of deferred acquisition costs 82 72 (14)% (14)% 84 2% 2% Interest and debt expense 960 937 (2)% (2)% 1,017 6% 6% General and administrative expense -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- 2,927 3,246 10% 10% 3,498 16% 16% Total expenses 1,219 496 NM NM 494 NM NM Pretax income 229 79 NM NM 117 (96)% (96)% Income tax provision -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -------------------- $ 990 $ 417 NM NM $ $ 377 NM NM Net income ==================== ====== ==================== ==================== ====== ==================== ==================== ==================== ====== ==================== Earnings per share $ 9.63 $ 3.86 $ $ 3.64 Basic earnings per share $ 9.46 $ 3.79 $ $ 3.57 Earnings per diluted share Weighted average common shares outstanding 102.8 107.9 103.5 Basic 104.6 110.0 105.7 Diluted ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Consolidated Highlights and Capital Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in millions unless otherwise noted, unaudited) 1 Qtr 2024 1 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ 4 Qtr 2023 4 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) Assets Under Management and Administration $ 431,438 20% 20% $ $ 484,825 7% 7% Advice & Wealth Management AUM $ 518,080 607,679 7% 7% 636,936 2% 2% Asset Management AUM 652,077 243 77% 77% 395 9% 9% Corporate AUM 429 ) (38,091 ) (13)% (13)% (41,093 ) (5)% (5)% Eliminations (43,181 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- 1,001,269 13% 13% 1,081,063 4% 4% Total Assets Under Management 1,127,405 234,339 27% 27% 279,549 6% 6% Total Assets Under Administration 297,457 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- $ 1,235,608 15% 15% $ $ 1,360,612 5% 5% Total AUM and AUA $ 1,424,862 ===================== =============== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== S&P 500 3,998 25% 25% 4,472 12% 12% Daily average 4,996 4,109 28% 28% 4,770 10% 10% Period end 5,254 Weighted Equity Index (WEI) (1) 2,664 21% 21% 2,892 11% 11% Daily average 3,218 2,718 24% 24% 3,102 9% 9% Period end 3,379 Common shares 105.3 (5)% (5)% 101.4 (1)% (1)% Beginning balance 100.2 ) (1.6 ) 25% 25% (1.2 ) - - Repurchases (1.2 1.1 9% 9% 0.1 NM NM Issuances 1.2 ) (0.4 ) (50)% (50)% (0.1 ) NM NM Other (0.6 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- 104.4 (5)% (5)% 100.2 (1)% (1)% Total common shares outstanding 99.6 2.6 - - 2.7 (4)% (4)% Restricted stock units 2.6 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- 107.0 (4)% (4)% 102.9 (1)% (1)% Total basic common shares outstanding 102.2 2.0 (10)% (10)% 2.2 (18)% (18)% Total potentially dilutive shares 1.8 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- 109.0 (5)% (5)% 105.1 (1)% (1)% Total diluted shares 104.0 ===================== =============== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== Capital Returned to Shareholders $ 138 4% 4% $ $ 142 1% 1% Dividends paid $ 143 506 - - 445 14% 14% Common stock share repurchases 507 --------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- $ 644 1% 1% $ $ 587 11% 11% Total Capital Returned to Shareholders $ 650 ===================== =============== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== ==================== ==================== =============== ==================== ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- (1) Weighted Equity Index is an Ameriprise calculated proxy for equity market movements calculated using a weighted average of the S&P 500, Russell 2000, Russell Midcap and MSCI EAFE indices based on North America distributed equity assets.
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Advice & Wealth Management Segment Adjusted Operating Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (in millions, unaudited) 1 Qtr 2024 1 Qtr 2023 1 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ 4 Qtr 2023 4 Qtr 2023 % Better/ % Better/ (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) (Worse) Revenues Management and financial advice fees: $ 1,303 $ $ 1,109 17% 17% $ $ 1,196 9% 9% Advisory fees 112 101 11% 11% 119 (6)% (6)% Financial planning fees 94 89 6% 6% 93 1% 1% Transaction and other fees -------------------- ------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------ -----